Tears evoke the intention to offer social support: A systematic investigation of the interpersonal effects of emotional crying across 41 countries

Tearful crying is a ubiquitous and likely uniquely human phenomenon. Scholars have argued that emotional tears serve an attachment function: Tears are thought to act as a social glue by evoking social support intentions. Initial experimental studies supported this proposition across several methodologies, but these were conducted almost exclusively on participants from North America and Europe, resulting in limited generalizability. This project examined the tears-social support intentions effect and possible mediating and moderating variables in a fully pre-registered study across 7007 participants (24,886 ratings) and 41 countries spanning all populated continents. Participants were presented with four pictures out of 100 possible targets with or without digitally-added tears. We confirmed the main prediction that seeing a tearful individual elicits the intention to support, d = 0.49 [0.43, 0.55]. Our data suggest that this effect could be mediated by perceiving the crying target as warmer and more helpless, feeling more connected, as well as feeling more empathic concern for the crier, but not by an increase in personal distress of the observer. The effect was moderated by the situational valence, identifying the target as part of one's group, and trait empathic concern. A neutral situation, high trait empathic concern, and low identification increased the effect. We observed high heterogeneity across countries that was, via split-half validation, best explained by country-level GDP per capita and subjective well-being with stronger effects for higher-scoring countries. These findings suggest that tears can function as social glue, providing one possible explanation why emotional crying persists into adulthood.</p

A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world

Wykorzystanie pomiaru przesunięcia fazowego w transmisji ZigBee do pozycjonowania mobilnych robotów inspekcyjnych

This paper presents the new approach to ZigBee ranging against the background of currently using techniques. This new approach involves a phase shift measurement instead of standard time of arrival or radio signal strength approaches. The ZigBee device used in this study and preliminary tests of ranging and positioning performed using phase shift measurements are presented. The positioning results encourages for further research on the performance verification and algorithms for processing of ranging results.W artykule przedstawiono zmodyfikowane w stosunku do najczęściej obecnie stosowanych podejście do określania położenia obiektów wykorzystujące propagacje sygnały w protokole ZigBee. Typowe rozwiązania stosowane aktualnie w systemach lokalizacji opartych o bezprzewodowe sieci wymiany danych bazują na pomiarach czasu propagacji lub mocy sygnału. Opisane w artykule podejście odwołuje się do pomiaru przesunięcia fazowego sygnału wynikającego z wykorzystania do transmisji różnych częstotliwości. Przedstawione w artykule wstępne wyniki eksperymentów uzasadniają dalsze prace nad wykorzystaniem przedstawionej metody w zakresie opracowania algorytmów obliczeniowych pozycjonowania oraz weryfikacji efektów w warunkach rzeczywistych

Zarządzanie podzespołami pojazdu samochodowego za pomocą sieci CAN

Ongoing scientific developments connected with processing information as well as new methods to find compile and utilize it, has a direct impact on automotives. Such a complex object as a car, in term of the versatility connected with its components and their numerous functions demands the transfer of a vast amount of information. These procedures, which are conducted by the most high profiled producers and their associates in the field of preparing and implementing new standards in network communication , are continually being modified and advanced due to increasing demands for greater efficiency and improved reliability to data transmission. This article will attempt to introduce the CAN network as an element responsible for integrating and coordinating the working process ofsuch as complex system as the modern car. In the first part of this article there is a review of the basic solutions in automotives such as K-Line, LIN, CAN, Flex Ray for the purpose of outlining their ability to fulfill the demands imposed by car users and producers and the limitations that are subsequent to the various realization and their degree of complexity. Following on from this, there is a basic communication description of CAN and some applications of this standard in the modern car. Observations and remarks enclosed in the final part reports on the prognosis concerning the information described in this article with on emphasis on safety and ecology.Ciągły rozwój nauk związanych z szeroko rozumianym przetwarzaniem informacji oraz nowe możliwości jej pozyskiwania i wykorzystania ,znajdują bezpośrednie odbicie w technice motoryzacyjnej. Złożoność obiektu jakim jest samochód pod względem różnorodności procesów i zjawisk zachodzących w nim począwszy od termodynamiki skończywszy na psychice kierowcy wiąże się nieodłącznie z przesyłaniem dużej ilości informacji. Prowadzone przez czołowych producentów samochodów oraz ich kooperantów prace w zakresie opracowania i wdrożenia nowych standardów komunikacji sieciowej determinowane są coraz wyższymi wymaganiami dotyczącymi wydajności i niezawodności systemów odpowiedzialnych za transmisje danych. W niniejszym artykule podjęto próbę przedstawienia sieci CAN jako elementu integrującego i koordynującego działanie złożonego systemu, jakim jest współczesny pojazd samochodowy. Dokonano przeglądu obecnych w motoryzacji rozwiązań sieciowych takich jak K-Line, LIN, CAN, Flex Ray pod katem ich zdolności do spełnienia narzuconych przez producentów i użytkowników oczekiwań, a także ze względu na ograniczenia natury ekonomicznej oraz technicznej wynikające z rożnego stopnia złożoności poszczególnych realizacji. Przedstawiono podstawowy opis komunikacji w standardzie CAN, oraz aplikacje tego standardu we współczesnych pojazdach samochodowych. Ujęte w podsumowaniu uwagi starają się przedstawić obecne prognozy dotyczące omawianych zagadnień uwzględniając silnie akcentowane w ostatnich latach kwestie bezpieczeństwa i ekologii

The flexray networks in the modern motorcars

Advancing the evolution of motor cars, understood as complex mechatronic systems are connected with the ever emerging constrains on coordination between the components of the system objects. Adopted by all environment related to the automotive, the way of communication between the vehicle components via network for data exchange, connected with the necessity to keep up with increasing demands on the transmission speed and level of security. The answers to these requirements concerning the ways to control x-by-wire or complex mechanism to optimize the operation of the engine, seems to have been created by the big automobile companies FlexRay protocol. The article presents the basie features of this method of communication that allows for a 10 fold increase in data rates compared to the conventional CAN network. The remaining features of transmission such as reliability and level of time determinism, which are important for control systems are discussed later in the paper. Included in the summary comments indicate potential further developments and the possibilities of the application if this method of transmission in automotive applications

Pseudolite augmented navigation for automotive application

This paper presents the idea of the Local Area Navigation Systems (LANS) for automotive application in combination with standard GNSS navigation systems. The navigation system is based on four components: the widely available GPS, pseudolites located in areas where GPS signal is obstructed (tunnels, parking lots, city canyons), GPRS communication and supervisory informatics system. In this kind of system, reliable positioning is crucial. This article covers basic aspects of GPS single point positioning commonly used in navigation applications. Some information about differential positioning (DGPS/RTK) is also provided. A strong pressure is put on the application of pseudolite, its design and possible usability. This article presents authors own pseudolite design and the idea of pseudolite application to increase road safety in areas where standard GNSS signals are not available. The pseudolite presented in this paper is in the stage of development and testing. It is a device designed at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn in cooperation with Canadian Center for Geodetic Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Canada. Different approach to the navigation in harsh environment is to move the source of the navigation outside of the vehicle and place it inside of the obstructions. It is much more efficient way to use in vehicles standard GPS receivers augmented with signals from the pseudolites, when the satellite signals are unavailable

Controlling the fuel feeding system in a self-ignition engine under fast-prototyping conditions using LabView

Układ sterujący zasilaniem to najistotniejszy element silnika spalinowego decydujący o jego osiągach. W artykule opisano budowę laboratoryjnego układu sterowania zasilaniem silnika z wykorzystaniem narzędzi naukowo-inżynierskich. Opracowany układ oparto na oprogramowaniu LabView i sterowniku rodziny CRio wykorzystujący układy FPGA i mikrokontroler rodziny PowerPc. Zawarte w artykule przykładowe wyniki sterowania potwierdzają skuteczność prezentowanego podejścia do projektowania tego typu stanowisk.Modern control systems for fuel feeding to self-ignition engines are complex, both in terms of their structure and software. Their complexity virtually prevents their use for controlling engines at test stands, where the major expected features include easy access and control of selected engine parameters. Therefore, in order to study such objects, it is necessary to develop control systems adapted to specific needs [4, 9]. In order to ensure proper operation of an engine and to reproduce the actual conditions of its operation, it is necessary to control its input parameters precisely as well as ensure the complex series of impulses which control fuel injections (Fig. 6). This paper describes the structure of a LabView-based Common Rail-type laboratory controller of a feeding system. The controller was developed based on a CompactRio programmable controller using FPGA systems and PowerPC family microcontrollers, with real-time operation capability. A Driven DI card was used as an injection control output module, which is a card dedicated for controlling this type of elements. The parameters of a PID regulator, which controls the pressure regulation valve, were also selected to ensure that the set fuel pressure is maintained regardless of the operating conditions. The structure of the controller developed in the study is open, which enables its use in different kinds of research and its expansion by additional control systems, as well as recording the operation parameters

The use of can in automation test bench to test the engine cooling system

Can is widely distributed network in the industry and automotive applications with high availability enable its electronic components and the easy integration projects with software engineering research Matlab type, tends to encourage the use of these precious features of CAN to build research stands. The article presents a data transmission system using the CAN protocol as a test of a new generation of cooling systems for internal combustion engines. Adopted for the object of research methodology which involves the simulation of variable parameters of the different control strategies require data processing in real time. A large number of recorded and interpreted online information about the temperatures in many parts of the facility and other variables such as instantaneous fuel consumption, secreted mechanical power, crankshaft and throttle position together with the need to control the plant justify departure from the traditional methods of transmitting signals in separate lines , for the application data exchange network, adopted by the authors as a way of organizing the flow of data based on the CAN protocol using the Matlab Simulink Real Time. The article contains a description of the implementation of networks in the context of very specific features for Controller Area Network particularly regarding mechanisms such as arbitration on the bus, the method of initiation and the provision of sufficient transmission capacity. The presented graphs and diagrams illustrate the proposed and implemented solutions and the results obtained from stucties measuring temperatures for the warm-up and cooling of the engine